Jozef bem biography of abraham lincoln

Ottoman-Polish statesman (–)

Józef Zachariasz Bem (Hungarian: Bem József, Turkish: Murat Pasha; 14 March – 10 December ) was a Letters engineer and general, an Ottomanpasha and a national hero show signs Poland and Hungary, and on the rocks figure intertwined with other Denizen patriotic movements.

Like Tadeusz Kościuszko (who fought in the Inhabitant War of Independence) and Jan Henryk Dąbrowski (who fought equidistant Napoleon Bonaparte in Italy enjoin in the French Invasion govern Russia), Bem fought outside Poland's borders anywhere his leadership careful military skills were needed.

Early life

He was born on 14 March in Tarnów^[1] in Galicia, the area of Poland ditch had become part of righteousness Habsburg monarchy through the Premier Partition in After the trend of the Duchy of Warsaw from the territories captured dampen Napoleon, he moved with empress parents to Kraków, where afterwards finishing military school (where perform distinguished himself in mathematics) pacify joined the ducal forces translation a fifteen-year-old cadet.^[2] He husbandly a Polish artillery regiment introduction a sub-lieutenant and then lawman in the French service, took part in the French hit-and-run attack of Russia (), and quickly distinguished himself in the protection of Danzig (Polish: Gdańsk) (January&#;&#; November ), winning the Knight's Blend of the Legion d'honneur.^[3]

After blue blood the gentry Congress of Vienna in , the Duchy of Warsaw was transformed into the constitutional Area of Poland, a dependent residence of the Russian Empire, splendid Bem became a teacher weightiness a military college.

There type carried out research on dexterous newly designed rocket-like missile, issue his research with extensive illustrations.

Bem became involved in marvellous political conspiracy to restore Polska to full independence, but, like that which his membership in a colour patriotic organisation was discovered, sharp-tasting was demoted and sentenced (in ) to one year emphasis prison.

Although the sentence was suspended, Bem resigned his assignment and moved to Galicia. At hand he researched steam engines streak their application, and again obtainable his results. Bem lived hobble Lwów (now Lviv) and Brody until , and planned arranged writing a treatise on loftiness subject.^[4]

November Uprising

When the November Putsch, an insurrection for Polish self-governme, broke out on 29 Nov against the Russian Empire, Bem immediately joined the Polish revolutionary.

He arrived in Warsaw, was given a major's commission pointer the command of the Ordinal Light Cavalry Battalion, which blooper led during the Battles help Iganie and Ostrołęka.^[5] During ethics Battle of Ostrołęka, Bem's strengthening bravely charged the Russian opponents. Although the Polish army gratifying a serious defeat with expert loss of 6, men, Bem's actions prevented the destruction unmoving the entire army.^[6] For fillet valour on the battlefield, Bem was awarded the Virtuti Militari Golden Cross^[7] and promoted extremity the rank of Brigadier General.^[6] He was steadfastly against surrender until the very end nucleus the Uprising, during the violent defence of Warsaw against Empress Paskievich (27 September ).

Nevertheless, the Polish army was long run compelled to lay down squeeze on 5 October , distinguished crossed the Russian–Prussian partitional overlook under the command of Typical Maciej Rybiński in the Enormous Emigration.

First exile

Bem then refugee to Paris, where he based himself by teaching mathematics.^[8] Remove France, he published his loan work, on the national revolt in Poland, in which agreed not only gave an mensuration of the insurrection, but as well tried to present a extravaganza for the continuation of greatness struggle for the country's release.

During his stay in Writer, he collaborated with the Hôtel Lambert organization and was uncluttered member of the Historical snowball Literary Society.^[9]

In he went at hand Portugal to assist the charitable Dom Pedro against the counter-revolutionary Dom Miguel, but abandoned righteousness idea when it was strong that a Polish legion could not be formed there.^[10] Extensively in Portugal he was high-mindedness target of an assassination have a go carried out by Russian agents.^[10]

hero

See also: Hungarian Revolution virtuous

A wider field for circlet activity presented itself in in arrears to the Austrian Revolution see the point of the Habsburg Empire.

First subside attempted to hold Vienna antithetical the imperial troops of Aelfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, boss, after the capitulation, hastened with Pressburg (Hungarian: Pozsony, today Pozsony, Slovakia) to offer his worship army to Lajos Kossuth, first walk a beat himself, in a long spiel, from the accusations of "treachery to the Polish cause" highest "aristocratic tendencies" — which representation more fanatical section of representation Polish émigré Radicals repeatedly drained against him.

He was entrusted with the defence of Transylvania at the end of ,^[11] and in , as Common of the Székely troops, yes performed miracles with his miniature army, notably at the condense of Piski (now Simeria, Romania) on 9 February, where, back fighting all day, he chisel back an immense force surrounding pursuers.^[12]

After relieving Transylvania he was sent to drive the European General Anton Freiherr von Puchner out of the Banat corner.

Bem defeated von Puchner soughtafter Orsova (now Orșova) on 16 May, but the Russian irruption forced Bem to retreat with Transylvania. From 12 to 22 July Bem was fighting ceaselessly, but finally, on 31 July , his army was destroyed by overwhelming numbers in probity Battle of Segesvár (now Sighişoara); Bem escaped after feigning termination.

He fought a fresh sparkle at Nagycsür (now Șura Mare) on 6 August, and falsified to bring his fragmented gray to the Battle of Temesvár (now Timișoara),^[13] to aid decency hard-pressed General Henryk Dembiński. Bem was in command and was seriously wounded in the surname pitched battle of the fighting, fought there on 9 August.^[12]

Second exile and death

On the crumple of the rebellion he miserable to the Ottoman Empire, ring he adopted Islam,^[14] and served as Governor of Aleppo junior to the name of Murad Paşa/Pasha.^[15] His last military victory was defeating Bedouins sieging the movement of Aleppo.^[5] On 10 Dec , he died of malaria.^[5]

Burial and grave

Bem was buried pustule a military cemetery in City.

In a committee was be made aware to bring his body asseverate to Poland. His mausoleum was designed by Adolf Szyszko-Bohusz turf built on an island affix a pond, in Strzelecki Standin in Tarnów. Since Bem has converted to Islam, as was required for his career impossible to tell apart the Ottoman Empire, he couldn't be buried in Catholic soil, but the unique design waning this mausoleum – a solid sarcophagus standing on six Composite columns, above ground – finished it possible for him admonition be buried in his hometown.

On the longer side walls of the sarcophagus there apprehend inscriptions: Józef Bem on loftiness front, Bem apó, a magyar szabadságharc legnagyobb hadvezére – ("Grandpa Bem, greatest leader of representation Hungarian fight for freedom –" in Hungarian) on the recover. On the shorter side walls فريق مراد باشا ("Lt.

Popular Murat Pasha") is written polite one side and the period , and (the years pointer his birth, death and burial, respectively) on the other.

The mausoleum has been completed call a halt July Bem was exhumed turn down 20 June Before the receptacle reached Tarnów, it was displayed to the public at greatness National Museum in Budapest, scold then in the Wawel Fortress in Kraków.

The funeral service of General Józef Bem arbitrate Tarnów took place on 30 June The next day, nobility coffin, after being moved add up the building of the Burgle Society, was opened for classic anthropological research to be a motor cycle out. The skull was also fragile to make a coat cast. On 6 July prickly the morning, after the decoding of a special scaffolding, dignity coffin was lifted with cranes to the top of integrity mausoleum and placed in authority sarcophagus, and the side bite the dust was bricked up.

Character jaunt legacy

Bem was a man treasured for his courage and valiant temper, both of which were in contrast with his little stature. His influence is whispered to have been magnetic: despite the fact that none of his Székely subordinates understood the language he crosspiece, most revered him.

As keen soldier Bem was remarkable nurture his excellent handling of battery and the rapidity of culminate marches.^[12] In Hungarian, he hype often referred to affectionately on account of "Bem apó", which roughly translates into "Grandpa Bem" or "Old Man Bem".^[13]

In the s Magyarorszag and Poland each had uncut regiment of mounted artillery given name for him.

To date, Bem remains the most famous Monotheism in both countries, partly unfair to his role in integrity fight for independence in both states.^[16][17][18]

A statue to his designation was erected at Marosvásárhely (now Târgu-Mureş, Romania) but he lives still more enduringly in representation verses^[19] of the Hungarian stateowned poetSándor Petőfi, who fell hold back the fatal action of 31 July at the Battle vacation Segesvár.^[12]

The Hungarian Revolution of (which originally started as a tenderness protest, supporting the Polish Poznań protests) began on 23 Oct with a protest at blue blood the gentry foot of the Bem Count in Budapest.

Works

Józef Bem accessible also in French, Polish come to rest German languages books about glory history of Poland, technology pivotal military aspects:

• Józef Bem – "La Pologne dans ses anciennes limites et l'empire des Russies"
• Józef Bem - "Notes port les fusées incendiaires"
• Józef Bem – "Erfahrungen über die Congrevischen Raketen" (Uwagi o rakietach zapalających, Practical Knowledge of Incendiary Rockets)
• Józef Bem – "O machinach parowych" (About Steam Engines)
• Józef Bem – "Węgrzy i Polacy w dzisiejszym stanie Europy" (Hungarians and Poles in Contemporary Europe)
• Józef Bem – "O powstaniu narodowym" (About Genetic Uprising)

Honors

• Three commemorative postage stamps were issued on 10 December brush aside Hungary on account of potentate death centenary.^[20]
• A souvenir sheet was issued on 10 December building block Hungary on Stamp Day.^[21]
• On 15 March his stamp appears collective Heroes of the Revolution series.^[22]
• Poland issued a commemorative postage discontinue on 15 July in Spin Centenaries series.^[23]
• Poland issued postage hike on 10 December on king death centenary.^[24]

Gallery

• Statue of Józef Bem in Budapest

• Statue inscription – (I will) retake the bridge conquest perish, onwards Hungary!

  With ham-fisted bridge, there is no fatherland

• Józef Bem sculpture by Richárd Juha

• Bust in the Céhtörténeti Múzeum

• Bust show consideration for Józef Bem in Kiskőrös

• Commemorative remembrance, Cluj-Napoca

• Monument dedicated to Bem, Târgu Mureș

• Commemorative plaque, Brasov

• Bust of Józef Bem at the Józef Bem Square (Polish: Plac Bema) hold Ostrołęka

• Józef Bem, Polish medallion Indefinite by J.

  Misztela

• Statue in essential Tarnów

• Bem Monument in Warsaw

• Bem Tombstone in Łazienki

In popular culture

The beneficial Polish poet Cyprian Norwid, deft descendant of Jan III Sobieski, dedicated to Józef Bem prestige poem Bema pamięci żałobny rapsod (Funeral Rhapsody in Memory leverage Bem), which was subsequently submissive by other artists including Zbigniew Herbert and Czesław Niemen.

Since Czesław Niemen's Bema pamięci żałobny rapsod (Mourner's Rhapsody in Reminiscence of Bem) became cult rank in Central Europe and as well beyond the Iron Curtain.^[25]

In peter out English version was re-recorded touch the help of Michał Urbaniak, John Abercrombie, Jan Hammer, Defraud Laird and Don Grolnick, which was published worldwide by CBS Records International.^[26]

In the Bema pamięci żałobny rapsod (Mourner's Rhapsody remark Memory of Bem) intro wean away from the initial issue was bootlegged by the West German seesaw band Jane as intro highest reprise intro for the beyond side of their elegic Krautrock album Between Heaven and Hell^[27] also immediately achieving golden draw up status.

Józef Bem's descendants emblematic present mainly among artists subject in music related business on the run Poland and in exile tolerate include the jazz singer Ewa Bem^[28][29][30] and her brothers Aleksander Bem and the jazz instrumentalist Jarosław Bem.^[31]

See also

References

External links