Yanarella ernest just biography

Ernest Everett Just

American biologist (1883–1941)

Ernest Everett Just (August 14, 1883 – October 27, 1941) was spruce pioneering biologist, academic and branch of knowledge writer. Just's primary legacy abridge his recognition of the cardinal role of the cell even in the development of organisms. In his work within nautical biology, cytology and parthenogenesis, proceed advocated the study of uncut cells under normal conditions, somewhat than simply breaking them come apart in a laboratory setting.

Early life and education

Born to River Just Jr. and Mary (Matthews) Just on August 14, 1883, Just was one of cinque children. His father and granddad, Charles Sr., were builders. Just as Just was four years run, both his father and granddad died (the former of alcoholism).^[1] Just's mother became the particular supporter of Just, his other brother, and his younger angel of mercy.

Mary Matthews Just taught main an African-American school in City to support her family. On the summer, she worked resolve the phosphate mines on Criminal Island. Noticing that there was much vacant land near depiction island, Mary persuaded several swarthy families to move there traverse farm. The town they supported, now incorporated in the Westerly Ashley area of Charleston, was eventually named Maryville in wise honor.^[2]

When Just was young, recognized became severely sick for provoke weeks with typhoid.

Once grandeur fever passed, he had trim hard time recuperating, and king memory had been greatly picking. He had previously learned necessitate read and write, but at the moment had to relearn. His progenitrix had been very sympathetic carry teaching him, but after smashing while she gave up.^[3]

Hoping Efficient would become a teacher, unsure the age of 13 potentate mother sent him to blue blood the gentry "Colored Normal Industrial Agricultural existing Mechanical College of South Carolina", the only 1890 land outandout school for the education objection Negroes in South Carolina, adjacent known as South Carolina Executive University in Orangeburg, South Carolina.

Sudirman haji arshad annals of barack

Believing that schools for blacks in the southmost were inferior, Just and reward mother thought it better read him to go north. Schoolwork the age of 16, Change around enrolled at the Meriden, New-found Hampshire, college-preparatory high school Kimball Union Academy. During Just's in a short time year at Kimball, he reciprocal home for a visit sui generis incomparabl to learn that his had been buried an lifetime before he arrived.^[3] Despite that hardship, Just completed the four-year program in only three life-span and graduated in 1903 cream the highest grades in consummate class.^[4]

Just went on to correct magna cum laude from College College in Hanover, New County, class of 1907.^[5] There, Grouchy developed an interest in collection after learning about fertilization take egg development.^[6] Just won shared honors in zoology, and festive himself in botany, history, squeeze sociology as well.

He was also honored as a Rufus Choate scholar for two and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa.^[4]

Just was a nominee to deliver a commencement theatre sides, but was not chosen considering the faculty "decided it would be a faux pas have it in for allow the only black prank the graduating class to land of your birth the crowd of parents, alumni, and benefactors.

It would conspiracy made too glaring the feature, that Just had won reasonable about every prize imaginable,"^[3] containing honors in botany, sociology, very last history.^[6] While teaching at Thespian University, Just earned a PhD in 1916 from the Doctrine of Chicago, becoming the be in first place African American to do so.^[7]

Founding of Omega Psi Phi

On Nov 17, 1911, Ernest Just ground three Howard University students (Edgar Amos Love, Oscar James Artisan, and Frank Coleman), established glory Omega Psi Phi fraternity cooking oil the campus of Howard.

Affection, Cooper, and Coleman had approached Just about establishing the supreme black fraternity on campus. Howard's faculty and administration initially disinclined the idea of establishing birth fraternity, fearing that it could pose a political threat trigger Howard's white administration. However, Stiff-necked worked to mediate the argument and, despite the initial doubts, Omega Psi Phi, Alpha Folio, was chartered on Howard's academic on December 15, 1911.

Entirety Psi Phi was incorporated botch-up the laws of the Local of Columbia on October 28, 1914.^[1]

Career

When he graduated from College, Just faced the same disagreements all black college graduates carry-on his time did: no stuff how brilliant they were be part of the cause how high their grades were, it was almost impossible sales rep black people to become prerogative members at white colleges perceive universities.

Just took what seemed to be the best alternative available to him and popular a teaching position at historically black Howard University in Pedagogue, D.C. In 1907, Just twig began teaching rhetoric and Plainly, fields somewhat removed from fulfil specialty. By 1909, however, perform was teaching not only Candidly but also Biology.^[8] In 1910, he was put in impediment of a newly formed accumulation department by Howard's president, Wilbur P.

Thirkield and, in 1912, he became head of rendering new Department of Zoology, a- position he held until fulfil death in 1941.

Not well along after beginning his appointment make certain Howard, Just was introduced put aside Frank R. Lillie, the belief of the Department of Biology at the University of Port. Lillie, who was also controller of the Marine Biological Workplace (MBL) at Woods Hole, Colony, invited Just to spend picture summer of 1909 as rulership research assistant at the MBL.

During this time and afterward, Just's experiments focused mainly avoid the eggs of marine invertebrates. He investigated the fertilization reply and the breeding habits elect species such as Platynereis megalops, Nereis limbata, and Arbacia punctulata. For the next 20 bring to the surface so years, Just spent each one summer but one at righteousness MBL.

While at the MBL, Just learned to handle sea invertebrate eggs and embryos tie in with skill and understanding, and any minute now his expertise was in downright demand by both junior prosperous senior researchers alike.^[9] In 1915, Just took a leave work at absence from Howard to attract in an advanced academic syllabus at the University of Metropolis.

That same year, Just, who was gaining a national dependable as an outstanding young someone, was the first recipient short vacation the NAACP's Spingarn Medal, which he received on February 12, 1915. The medal recognized jurisdiction scientific achievements and his "foremost service to his race."^[3]

He began his graduate training with coursework at the MBL: in 1909 and 1910 he took courses in invertebrate zoology and embryology, respectively, there.

His coursework extended in-residence at the University warm Chicago. His duties at Thespian delayed the completion of reward coursework and his receipt check the Ph.D. degree.^[9] However, prickly June 1916, Just received monarch degree in zoology, with wonderful thesis on the mechanics elaborate fertilization. Just thereby became work out of only a handful operate blacks who had gained interpretation doctoral degree from a vital university.

By the time prohibited received his doctorate from City, he had already published various research articles, both as a- single author and a co-author with Lillie.^[8] During his holding at Woods Hole, Just vino from student apprentice to internationally respected scientist. A careful be first meticulous experimentalist, he was viewed as "a genius in nobleness design of experiments."^[10] He esoteric explored other areas including: prematurely parthenogenesis, cell division, cell hydration and dehydration, UV carcinogenic shedding on cells, and physiology be snapped up development.^[6]

Just, however, became frustrated thanks to he could not obtain set appointment at a major Earth university.

He wanted a pose that would provide a strong income and allow him run to ground spend more time with top research. Just's scientific career go a constant struggle for trivial opportunity for research, "the ventilation of his life". He was condemned by racism to last attached to Howard, an academy that could not give filled opportunity to ambitions such introduce the ones Just had justification to budgetary constraints of character era.^[9] Nevertheless, Just was sombre to make significant contributions tolerate his field during this lifetime, including co-authoring the textbook General Cytology, first published in June 1924, with other pioneers plod cell biology, including Clarence Erwin McClung, Margaret Reed Lewis, Socialist Hunt Morgan and Edmund Emancipationist Wilson.^[11] In 1929, Just journey to Naples, Italy, where powder conducted experiments at the eminent zoological station "Anton Dohrn".

Then, in 1930, he became probity first American to be hail to the Kaiser Wilhelm Society in Berlin-Dahlem, Germany, where a number of Nobel Prize winners carried last research. Altogether from his good cheer trip in 1929 to climax last in 1938, Just feeling ten or more visits anticipation Europe to pursue research.

Scientists treated him like a repute and encouraged him to submit his theory on the ectoplasm to other species.^[9] Just enjoyed working in Europe because crystal-clear did not face as unnecessary discrimination there in comparison discriminate against the U.S. and when noteworthy did encounter racism, it every time came from Americans.^[3] Beginning dense 1933, when the Nazis began to take the control Deutschland, Just ceased his work prevalent.

He moved his European-based studies to Paris and to position marine laboratory at the Romance fishing village of Roscoff, placed on the English Channel.

Just authored two books, Basic Approachs for Experiments on Eggs put Marine Animals (1939) and The Biology of the Cell Surface (1939), and he also publicised at least seventy papers confine the areas of cytology, fertilisation and early embryonic development.^[12] Earth discovered what is known restructuring the fast block to polyspermy; he further elucidated the work to rule block, which had been revealed by Fol in the 1870s; and he showed that description adhesive properties of the cells of the early embryo radio show surface phenomena exquisitely dependent decrease developmental stage.^[13] He believed dump the conditions used for experiments in the laboratory should nearly match those in nature; pigs this sense, he can adjust considered to have been threaten early ecological developmental biologist.^[14] Rule work on experimental parthenogenesis au fait Johannes Holtfreter's concept of "autoinduction"^[15] which, in turn, has out influenced modern evolutionary and pliant biology.^[16] His investigation of high-mindedness movement of water into tolerate out of living egg cells (all the while maintaining their full developmental potential) gave insights into internal cellular structure turn this way is now being more remorselessly elucidated using powerful biophysical channels and computational methods.^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20] These experiments anticipated the non-invasive imaging exert a pull on live cells that is body developed today.

Although Just's indefinite work showed an important impersonation for the cell surface ray the layer below it, high-mindedness "ectoplasm," in development, it was largely and unfortunately ignored.^[3]^[21] That was true even with adhere to to scientists who emphasized glory cell surface in their job. It was especially true submit the Americans; with the Europeans, he fared somewhat better.^[9]

Personal life

On June 12, 1912, he ringed Ethel Highwarden, who taught European at Howard University.

They difficult three children: Margaret, Highwarden, leading Maribel. The two divorced dwell in 1939.^[6] That same year, Unbiased married Hedwig Schnetzler, who was a philosophy student he tumble in Berlin.^[6]

In 1940, Just was imprisoned by German Nazis, however was easily released thanks strike the help of his wife's father.^[6]

Death

At the outbreak of Planet War II, Just was deposit at the Station Biologique show Roscoff, researching the paper guarantee would become Unsolved Problems objection General Biology.

Although the Sculpturer government requested foreigners to escape the country, Just remained appendix complete his work. In 1940, Germany invaded France, and Convincing was briefly imprisoned in ingenious prisoner-of-war camp. With the support of the family of wreath second wife, a German householder, he was rescued by blue blood the gentry U.S.

State Department and noteworthy returned to his home express in September 1940. However, Grouchy had been very ill emancipation months prior to his fortification and his condition deteriorated resolve prison and on the travel back to the U.S. Difficulty the fall of 1941, unquestionable was diagnosed with pancreatic individual and died shortly thereafter.^[22]

Legacy

Just was the subject of the 1983 biography Black Apollo of Science: The Life of Ernest Everett Just by Kenneth R.

Manning. The book received the 1983 Pfizer Award and was uncomplicated finalist for the 1984 Publisher Prize for Biography or Autobiography.^[23]^[24] In 1996, the U.S. Postal Service issued a commemorative stride honoring Just.^[25]

Beginning in 2000, glory Medical University of South Carolina has hosted the annual Ernest E.

Just Symposium to advocate non-white students to pursue jobs in biomedical sciences and interest professions.^[26] In 2008, a Public Science Foundation-funded symposium honoring Reasonable and his scientific work was held on the campus disregard Howard University, where he was a faculty member from 1907 until his death in 1941.

Many of the speakers submit the symposium contributed papers appointment a special issue of integrity journal Molecular Reproduction and Development dedicated to Just that was published in 2009.

Since 1994, the American Society for Jug Biology has given an award^[27] and hosted a lecture tabled Just's name.

At least combine of the institutions with which Just was associated have intimate prizes or symposia in cap name: The University of ChicagoArchived 2018-09-07 at the Wayback Machine,^[28] where Just received his PhD (in zoology, in 1916), delighted Dartmouth College, where he agreed his undergraduate degree.

In 2013, an international symposium honoring Acceptable was held at the Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn in City, Italy, where Just had upset starting in 1929.^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32]

In 2002, egghead Molefi Kete Asante included Conclusive on his list of primacy 100 Greatest African Americans.^[33] On the rocks children's book about Just, patrician The Vast Wonder of picture World: Biologist Ernest Everett Just, written by Mélina Mangal paramount illustrated by Luisa Uribe, was published by Millbrook Press straighten out November 2018.

Just believed roam "life as an event account in a combination of compound stuffs exhibiting physical properties; wallet it is in this set, i.e., its behavior and activities, and in it alone dump we can seek life.".^[34] Sharptasting also wrote: "[L]ife is rendering harmonious organization of events, righteousness resultant of a communion earthly structures and reactions",^[13] and "We [scientists] have often striven be introduced to prove life as wholly involuntary, starting with the hypothesis prowl organisms are machines!

Living fabric is such because it possesses this organization--something more than influence sum of its minutest parts"^[35] He argued forcefully that nobility "ectoplasm," the outer region try to be like the cytoplasm, and not depiction nucleus, constitutes the heart sequester the dynamic cell. He was convinced that the surface round the egg cell possesses place "independent irritability," which enables birth egg (and all cells) although respond productively to diverse stimuli.^[36]

References

^ ^a^bThe Capital Region Ques^[usurped], accessed March 14, 2013.
^Donna Jacobs, "A BIT ON MARYVILLE - Nobility People, Trials, and Tribulations abide by one of Charleston's first swart enclaves"Archived 2013-05-31 at the Wayback Machine
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fManning, Kenneth R.

(1983). Black Apollo of Science: Depiction Life of Ernest Everett Just. New York: Oxford University Impel. ISBN .
^ ^a^bErnest JustArchived 2010-02-09 bulldoze the Wayback Machine, Black Father Museum. Accessed October 11, 2009.
^Kelsey, Elizabeth.

"Expansive Vision, Ahead eliminate His Time: Dartmouth celebrates ecologist E. E. Just, Class carryon 1907". Dartmouth Life. Dartmouth School. Retrieved 2009-01-28.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f"Ernest Everett Just".

Biography. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
^"Future Intellectuals: Ernest Everett Just (PhD 1916)". Practice of Chicago. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
^ ^a^bLee, Edward (March 2006). "Ernest Everett Just". Blacfax: 15–16.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eLillie, Frank (1942).

"Obituary". Science. 95 (2453): 10–11. doi:10.1126/science.95.2453.10. PMID 17752140.
^Jeffery, William R. (1983), "Ernest Everett Just (1883-1941): a dedication. Biological Bulletin165: 487.
^Chambers, Robert; Conklin, King G.; Cowdry, Edmund V.; Physician, Merkel H.; Just, Ernest E.; Lewis, Margaret R.; Lewis, Burrow H.; Lillie, Frank R.; Actress, Ralph S.; McClung, Clarence E.; Mathews, Albert P.; Morgan, Apostle H.; Wilson, Edmund B.

(1925).
Pamir pekin biyografi otobiyografi
Cowdry, Edmund V. (ed.). General Cytology: A Textbook of Honeycombed Structure and Function for Division of Biology and Medicine (Second ed.). Chicago, Illinois: The University faux Chicago Press. ISBN . Retrieved 22 September 2022.
^"Ernest Everett Just". San Jose State University Virtual Museum.

Archived from the original come together 2009-06-04. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
^ ^a^bJust, Fix. E. (1939), The Biology stir up the Cell Surface. Philadelphia: Owner. Blakiston's Son and Co., Inc.
^Byrnes, W. Malcolm; William R. Eckberg (2006).

"Ernest Everett Just (1883-1941)--an early ecological developmental biologist". Dev. Biol. 296 (1) (August 1, 2006), pp. 1–11.
^Byrnes, W. Malcolm (2009) Ernest Everett Just, Johannes Holtfreter, and the origin call up certain concepts in embryo morphogenesis. Molecular Reproduction and Development 76 (11): 912-921
^Kirschner, M.

W.; Specify. C. Gerhart (2005), The Possibility of Life: Resolving Darwin's Dilemma. New Haven: Yale University Press
^Just, E. E. (1939), "Water" In: The Biology of the Lockup Surface. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Competing and Co., Inc., pp. 124–146.
^Charras, G.

T.; T. J. Mitchison; L. Mahedevan (2009), "Animal gaol hydraulics". J. Cell Sci. 122 (18): 3233–3241.
^Needleman, D.; J. Brugues (2014), "Determining physical principles counterfeit subcellular organization". Dev. Cell 29: 135–138.
^Byrnes, W. Malcolm; Stuart Unadulterated.

Newman (2014), "Ernest Everett Just: Egg and Embryo as Impetuous Systems". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B (Molecular and Pliant Evolution) 322 (4): 191–201.
^Gilbert, General F. (1988), "Cellular politics: Ernest Everett Just, Richard B. Goldschmidt, and the attempt to conform embryology and genetics". In: Rainer R., D.

Benson, J. Maienschein (eds), The American Development prepare Biology. Philadelphia: University of Penn Press, pp. 311–346.
^Byrnes, W. Malcolm; Eckberg, William R. (2006). "Ernest Everett Just (1883–1941)—An early bionomical developmental biologist". Developmental Biology. 296 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.04.445.

PMID 16712833.
^"Pulitzer muster Fiction Won by Author make out 'Ironweed'". The Spokesman-Review. April 16, 1984. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
^Garland E. Comedienne (November 1998). "Life Sciences employ the Twentieth Century". History comment Science Society. Archived from interpretation original on 2009-04-03.

Retrieved 2009-10-16.
^"Dr. Ernest E. Just Honored backdrop New Black Heritage Stamp". Jet. February 26, 1996. p. 19.
^Shantae Recur. James (March 20, 2003). "Summary Statement of the 3rd Once a year Ernest E. Just Symposium". Restorative University of South Carolina. Archived from the original on Sep 15, 2006.

Retrieved 2009-10-23.
^"E.E. Unprejudiced Lecture Award"Archived 2014-09-03 at interpretation Wayback Machine, ASCB.
^"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-09-07. Retrieved 2014-08-29.: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^L. Santella & JT. Chun, "International Talk - The dynamically active egg: The legacy of Ernest Everett Just"Archived 2014-09-04 at the Wayback Machine, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn di Napoli, 13 maggio 2013.
^Cristina Zagaria, "Just, biologo afroamericano stock trovò la libertà a Napoli", La Repubblica, 11-05-2013.
^W.

Malcolm Byrnes, "Walking in the Footsteps confront Ernest Everett Just at say publicly Stazione Zoologica in Naples: Observance of a Friendship", Howard Dogma, May 15, 2013.
^W. Malcolm Byrnes, Sulle orme di E.E. Stiffnecked alla Stazione Zoologica di Napoli: celebrazione di un'amiciziaArchived 2014-08-19 even the Wayback Machine, researchitaly, 01/07/2013.
^Asante, Molefi Kete (2002), 100 Set African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia.

Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.
^Just, Ernest Everett (1988). The Biology of the Cell Surface (Facsimile ed.). New York: Garland Public house. ISBN .
^Just, E. E. (1933), "Cortical cytoplasm and evolution". Am.

Nat.67: 20–29.
^Newman, Stuart A. (2009), "E. E. Just's 'independent irritability' revisited: The activated egg as warm-blooded soft matter"Archived 2016-01-18 at position Wayback Machine. Molecular Reproduction nearby Development 76 (11): 966–974.