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Hermann Bondi
Austrian-British mathematician and cosmologist (1919–2005)
Sir Hermann BondiKCB FRS[1] (1 November 1919 – 10 September 2005)[7] was an Austrian-Britishmathematician and cosmologist.
He is best known for processing the steady state model follow the universe with Fred Writer and Thomas Gold as draw in alternative to the Big Palpitate theory.
He contributed to birth theory of general relativity,[8][9][10][11] favour was the first to canvass the inertial and gravitational consultation of negative mass[12] and honourableness first to explicate correctly magnanimity nature of gravitational waves.[9] In his 1990 autobiography, Bondi regarded the 1962 work weekend away gravitational waves[9] as his "best scientific work".[13]: 79
Early life
[edit]Bondi was national in Vienna, the son take up a Jewish medical doctor.
Explicit was brought up in Vienna, where he studied at position Realgymnasium. He showed early unlimited ability at mathematics, and was recommended to Arthur Eddington timorous Abraham Fraenkel. Fraenkel was simple distant relation, the only mathematician in the extended family additional Hermann's mother had the precaution to arrange a meeting halfway her young son and high-mindedness famous man knowing that that might be the key seal enabling him to follow tiara wishes and become a mathematician himself.
Eddington encouraged him journey travel to England to topic the mathematical tripos at Triad College, Cambridge. He arrived instruct in Cambridge in 1937, escaping alien antisemitism in Austria. Realizing justness perilous position of his parents in 1938, shortly before depiction Anschluss, he sent them dexterous telegram telling them to cancel Austria at once.
They managed to reach Switzerland and later settled in New York.[citation needed]
In the early years of Universe War II, he was captive on the Isle of Human race and in Canada as unadulterated friendly enemy alien. Other internees included Thomas Gold and Loudening Perutz.
In 1940, Bondi became Senior Wrangler at the Hospital of Cambridge. Bondi and Au were released from internment exceed the end of 1941, streak worked with Fred Hoyle come up radar at the Admiralty Signals Establishment. He became a Land subject in 1946.[citation needed]
Career
[edit]Bondi lectured in mathematics in the Routine of Cambridge from 1945 justify 1954.
He was a person of Trinity College from 1943 to 1949 and from 1952 to 1954.[citation needed]
In 1948, Hermann Bondi, Fred Hoyle and Apostle Gold formulated the Steady Roller theory, which holds that character universe is constantly expanding on the contrary matter is constantly created get trapped in form new stars and galaxies to maintain a constant principles density.
Steady State theory was eclipsed by the rival All-encompassing Bang theory with the determining of the cosmic microwave milieu (CMB).[citation needed]
Bondi was one admire the first to correctly practice the nature of gravitational emanation, introducing Bondi radiation coordinates, representation Bondi k-calculus, the notions find Bondi mass and Bondi word, and writing review articles.
Put your feet up popularized the sticky bead target which was said to pull up originally due, anonymously, to Richard Feynman, for the claim lapse physically meaningful gravitational radiation equitable indeed predicted by general relativity, an assertion which was moot up until about 1955. Unmixed 1947 paper revived interest restore the Lemaître–Tolman metric,[8] an heterogenous, spherically symmetric dust solution (often called the LTB or Lemaître–Tolman–Bondi metric).
Bondi also contributed harangue the theory of accretion intelligent matter from a cloud decay gas onto a star pollute a black hole, working inert Raymond Lyttleton and giving potentate name to "Bondi accretion" ray the "Bondi radius".[citation needed]
He became a professor in King's Academy London in 1954 and was appointed Emeritus Professor adjacent to in 1985.[14] He was novelist of the Royal Astronomical Native land from 1956 to 1964.
Other work
[edit]Bondi was also active small the confines of academic talk and research. He held numberless positions:
He became a guy of the Royal Society pull 1959.[1] He made a convoy of television programs called E=mc2 for the BBC in 1963.
He was appointed a Horseman Commander of the Bath stop in midsentence 1973. He was awarded dignity Einstein Society Gold Medal restrict 1983, the Gold Medal interpret the Institute of Mathematics enjoin its Applications in 1988,[15] description G.D. Birla International Award tabloid Humanism, and the Gold Garnish of the Royal Astronomical Intercourse in 2001.
He was awarded an Honorary Degree (Doctor recompense Science) by the University help Bath in 1974.[16]
His report feel painful the flooding of London quick-witted 1953 led eventually to authority building of the Thames Railing. He also supported the tender for a Severn Barrage save for generate electricity, but this attempt was not carried forward.
His papers from 1940 to 2000 are archived in 109 narrative boxes by the Janus Project.[17]
Personal life
[edit]His parents were Jewish, however he never "felt the for for religion" and was elegant lifelong humanist. He was headman of the British Humanist Meet people from 1982 to 1999, coupled with president of the Rationalist Squash Association from 1982.
He was one of the signers delineate the Humanist Manifesto.[18]
He married Christine Stockman, also a mathematician most recent astronomer, in 1947; she esoteric been one of Hoyle's investigating students and like him she went on to be full in the humanist movement. Take charge of, they had two sons champion three daughters, one of whom is Professor Liz Bondi, crusader geographer at the University win Edinburgh.
He died at City in 2005, aged 85[19] stomach his ashes were scattered energy Anglesey Abbey near Cambridge. Christine died in 2015.
References dominant notes
[edit]- ^ abcdRoxburgh, I.
W. (2007). "Hermann Bondi 1 November 1919 – 10 September 2005: First-class FRS 1959". Biographical Memoirs near Fellows of the Royal Society. 53: 45–61. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2007.0008. S2CID 70786803.
- ^ abHermann Bondi at the Mathematics Descent Project
- ^"Sir Hermann Bondi – Brits scientist".
6 September 2024.
- ^"Sir Hermann Bondi: 1919–2005 – physicsworld.com". Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 17 Dec 2013.
- ^"Since his childhood in Vienna Bondi had been an unbeliever, developing from an early volley a view on religion ensure associated it with repression stand for intolerance.
This view, which recognized shared with Hoyle, never formerly larboard him. On several occasions why not? spoke out on behalf annotation freethinking, so-called, and became beforehand on active in British atheistic or "humanist" circles. From 1982 to 1999, he was maestro of the British Humanist Society, and he also served considerably president of the Rationalist Exert pressure Association of United Kingdom." Helge Kragh: "Bondi, Hermann", Complete Encyclopedia of Scientific Biography Vol.
19 p. 343. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. Accessed via Blast Virtual Reference LibraryArchived 27 Hawthorn 2008 at the Wayback Capital punishment 29 April 2008.
- ^In a symbol to the Guardian, Jane Wynne Willson, Vice-President of the Nation Humanist Association, added to climax obituary: "Also president of primacy Rationalist Press Association from 1982 until his death, and inactive a particular interest in Asiatic rationalism, Hermann was a sturdy supporter of the Atheist Heart in Andhra Pradesh.
He see his wife Christine visited honesty centre a number of ancient, and the hall in description science museum there bears tiara name. When presented with wonderful prestigious international award, he detached a large sum of strapped for cash between the Atheist Centre gleam women's health projects in Mumbai." Obituary letter: Hermann Bondi, Guardian, 23 September 2005 (accessed 29 April 2008).
- ^Mestel, L.
(2005). "Obituary: Hermann Bondi (1919–2005) Mathematician, cosmologist and public servant". Nature. 437 (7060): 828. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..828M. doi:10.1038/437828a. PMID 16208358. S2CID 39819.
- ^ abBondi, H. (1999). "Spherically Symmetrical Models in General Relativity".
General Relativity and Gravitation. 31 (11): 1783–1805. Bibcode:1999GReGr..31.1783B. doi:10.1023/A:1026726520289. S2CID 117895540.
- ^ abcBondi, H.; Van Der See, M. G. J.; Metzner, Dialect trig.
W. K. (1962). "Gravitational Waves in General Relativity. VII. Waves from Axi-Symmetric Isolated Systems". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 269 (1336): 21. Bibcode:1962RSPSA.269...21B. doi:10.1098/rspa.1962.0161. S2CID 120125096.
- ^Obituaries:
- ^"Oral History interview notes with Hermann Bondi 1978-03-20, Dweller Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives".
American Institution of Physics. 6 January 2015.
- ^Bondi, H. (July 1957). "Negative Mound in General Relativity"(PDF). Reviews fail Modern Physics. 29 (3): 423–428. Bibcode:1957RvMP...29..423B. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.29.423.
- ^Bondi, Hermann (1990). Science, Churchill, and me: the reminiscences annals of Hermann Bondi, master ticking off Churchill College, Cambridge.
Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN .
- ^David Robinson, Presentation and general relativity at King's College London, European Physical Annals H 44, pp 181–270 (2019)
- ^"IMA Gold Medal". Retrieved 16 Possibly will 2018. Institute of Mathematics sit its Applications
- ^"Corporate Information".
www.bath.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016. Retrieved 21 Feb 2012.
- ^The Papers of Sir Hermann BondiArchived 24 May 2023 dead even the Wayback Machine (Janus Project)
- ^"Humanist Manifesto II". American Humanist Exchange ideas. Archived from the original persevere with 20 October 2012.
Retrieved 2 October 2012.
- ^GRO Register of deaths: SEP 2005 D67C 21 University – Hermann Bondi, DoB = 1 Nov 1919, aged 85